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<text id=91TT0205>
<title>
Jan. 28, 1991: An Echo From The Past
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
Jan. 28, 1991 War In The Gulf
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
THE GULF WAR, Page 78
HISTORY
An Echo from the Past
</hdr><body>
<p>In 1956, a war in the Middle East and a crackdown by Moscow took
place in a single week. Sound familiar?
</p>
<p>By OTTO FRIEDRICH--Research by Val Castronovo
</p>
<p> War breaks out in the Middle East as the Western powers
attack an ambitious Arab dictator. The Soviet Union, threatened
by revolution within its empire, takes advantage of the Middle
East crisis to crush the rebellion. No, that was not just last
week's news in the Persian Gulf and the Baltics; it was what
happened during one tragic week late in 1956.
</p>
<p> Then, as now, all of Eastern Europe was in a state of
nationalist turmoil. Only three years after the death of Joseph
Stalin, Communist Party Secretary Nikita Khrushchev was trying
to reform the brutal dictatorship that Stalin created, but each
attempt at change triggered new disturbances. Khrushchev
stunned the Communist Party Congress that February by his
secret speech acknowledging for the first time Stalin's myriad
crimes. That speech strengthened anti-Soviet dissidents
throughout Eastern Europe.
</p>
<p> When some 200,000 Budapest students and workers marched to
the parliament building on Kossuth Square on Oct. 23, they had
no thought of overthrowing the Communist regime. They wanted
mainly to petition the leadership for various reforms,
including the return to power of a moderate Communist leader,
Imre Nagy. Party Secretary Erno Gero scornfully rejected their
pleas and called them "enemies of the people." The
demonstrators then paraded to the main broadcasting station to
put their case on the air. Security police opened fire, but
Hungarian army reinforcements balked.
</p>
<p> Many soldiers joined the students or handed over their
weapons. Two Soviet mechanized divisions stationed outside
Budapest rumbled into the city and were met by sniper fire and
Molotov cocktails. The unimaginable was happening: for the
first time in history, a Soviet satellite state was succeeding
in open, armed revolt.
</p>
<p> The Soviets agreed to turn over the premiership to Nagy, a
walrus-mustachioed intellectual; the hated Gero was replaced
by Janos Kadar. Nagy tried to slow the revolution, but the
street crowds kept applying pressure. He agreed to take
noncommunists into his government. Going further, he formally
asked the Soviets to leave, announced Hungary's withdrawal from
the Warsaw Pact and asked the U.N. to guarantee his country's
neutrality. On Oct. 29, it was announced that the Soviets had
begun withdrawing from Budapest.
</p>
<p> That same day, Israel invaded Egypt.
</p>
<p> At the center of this rival crisis stood Egypt's charismatic
President Gamal Abdel Nasser, who had seized power in 1952 and
had vowed to unite the Arab world under his leadership. The
Soviets encouraged him with arms and money. U.S. Secretary of
State John Foster Dulles retaliated by canceling his promise
to help finance the Aswan High Dam, which Nasser hoped would
harness the Nile. Nasser struck back in July 1956 by seizing
the Suez Canal, still legally owned by the Franco-British Suez
Canal Co.
</p>
<p> While Dulles engaged in protracted legal and diplomatic
maneuvers to restrain Nasser, the British, French and Israelis--who all regarded Nasser as a "new Hitler"--formed a secret
alliance to attack him. After the Israelis marched across the
Sinai Desert, the supposedly neutral British and French said
they had to protect the canal and sent in paratroops on Nov.
5.
</p>
<p> That was just one day after the withdrawing Soviet tanks
turned around and rolled back into Budapest. Soviet commanders
claimed they were doing so at the request of Kadar, who was
actually hiding in a Soviet command post outside the city. Nagy
took refuge in the Yugoslav embassy but was later lured out,
seized and hanged. After about a month of sporadic fighting,
the Hungarian revolt was liquidated.
</p>
<p> So was the attack on the Suez Canal. President Dwight D.
Eisenhower and Dulles, feeling betrayed by their allies,
insisted that the invaders withdraw. So did the Soviets, who
threatened to intervene on Egypt's side. The invaders gave in.
Within two months, Nasser had his canal back, for which he
ultimately paid $81 million.
</p>
<p> Did the Suez attack encourage or enable the Soviets to crush
Hungary? In his memoirs, Khrushchev talks of defending Hungary
from "counterrevolution," but he more candidly told an ally
that he had to act, or the West "will say we are either stupid
or soft." But would he actually have done it if the West had
not been divided and distracted by the Suez events? Or to put
it another way, what did Mikhail Gorbachev last week consider
to be the lessons of 1956, and how do they apply to the Baltic
states' demands for independence?
</p>
</body></article>
</text>